• 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon elected first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of Jerusalem.
• 1298 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Battle of Falkirk - King Edward I of England and his longbowmen defeats William Wallace and his Scottish schiltrons outside the town.
• 1456 - Ottoman Wars in Europe: Siege of Belgrade - John Hunyadi, Regent of Kingdom of Hungary defeats Mehmet II of Ottoman Empire
• 1484 - Battle of Lochmaben Fair - A 500-man raiding party led by Alexander Stewart, Duke of Albany and James Douglas, 9th Earl of Douglas defeated by Scots forces loyal to Albany's brother James III of Scotland; Douglas captured.
• 1499 - Battle of Dornach - The Swiss decisively defeat the Imperial army of Emperor Maximilian I.
• 1587 - Colony of Roanoke: A second group of English settlers arrive on Roanoke Island off of North Carolina to re-establish the deserted colony.
• 1686 - Albany, New York formally chartered as a municipality by Governor Thomas Dongan
• 1793 - Alexander Mackenzie reaches the Pacific Ocean becoming the first Euro-American to complete a transcontinental crossing north of Mexico.
• 1796 - Surveyors of the Connecticut Land Company name an area in Ohio "Cleveland" after Gen. Moses Cleaveland, the superintendent of the surveying party.
• 1805 - Napoleonic Wars: War of the Third Coalition - Battle of Cape Finisterre - Inconclusive naval action fought between a combined French and Spanish fleets under Admiral Pierre-Charles Villeneuve of Spain and a British fleet under Admiral Robert Calder.
• 1812 - Napoleonic Wars: Peninsular War - Battle of Salamanca - British forces led by Arthur Wellesley (later the Duke of Wellington) defeat French troops near what else Spain! Salamanca, Spain.
• 1864 - American Civil War: Battle of Atlanta - Outside of Atlanta, Georgia, Confederate General John Bell Hood leads an unsuccessful attack on Union troops under General William T. Sherman on Bald Hill.
• 1916 - In San Francisco, California, a bomb explodes on Market Street during a Preparedness Day parade killing 10 and injuring 40.
• 1933 - Wiley Post becomes first person to fly solo around the world traveling 15,596 miles in 7 days, 18 hours and 45 minutes.
• 1934 - Outside Chicago's Biograph Theatre, "Public Enemy No. 1" John Dillinger is mortally wounded by FBI agents.
• 1937 - New Deal: The United States Senate votes down President Franklin D. Roosevelt's proposal to add more justices to the Supreme Court of the United States.
• 1942 - The United States government begins compulsory civilian gasoline rationing due to the wartime demands.
• 1942 - Holocaust: The systematic deportation of Jews from the Warsaw Ghetto begins.
• 1943 - Allied forces capture the Italian city of Palermo.
• 1944 - The Polish Committee of National Liberation publishes its manifesto, starting the period of Communist rule in Poland
• 1946 - King David Hotel bombing: Irgun bombs King David Hotel in Jerusalem, headquarters of the British civil and military administration, killing 90.
• 1962 - Mariner program: Mariner 1 spacecraft flies erratically several minutes after launch and has to be destroyed.
• 1977 - Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping is restored to power.
• 1983 - Martial law in Poland is officially revoked.
• 1992 - Near Medellín, Colombian drug lord Pablo Escobar escapes from his luxury prison fearing extradition to the United States.
• 1997 - The second Blue Water Bridge opens between Port Huron, Michigan and Sarnia, Ontario.
• 1999 - The first version of MSN Messenger was released by Microsoft.
• 2002 - Israel assassinates Salah Shahade, the Commander-in-Chief of Hamas's military arm, the Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Brigades, along with 14 civilians.
• 2003 - Members of 101st Airborne of the United States, aided by Special Forces, attack a compound in Iraq, killing Saddam Hussein's sons Uday and Qusay, along with Mustapha Hussein, Qusay's 14-year old son, and a bodyguard.
• 2005 - Jean Charles de Menezes is killed by police as the hunt begins for the London Bombers. See 7 July 2005 London bombings and 21 July 2005 London bombings

Births